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i A THESIS
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON TEACHING TOP-DOWN
AND BOTTOM-UP TECHNIQUES OF READING
(A Quasi-Experimental Study at 8th Grade of SMP N 5 Surakarta in the
Academic Year 2012/2013).
Submitted to the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of Sebelas Maret University to Fulfill One of the Requirements for Getting the
Undergraduate Degree of Education in English
Arranged By:
MEITA DWI ASTUTI
K2209060
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
commit to user significant difference in reading comprehension achievement between the students taught the top-down technique of reading and those taught the bottom-up technique of reading; (2) whether the top-down technique of reading is more effective than the bottom-up technique of reading. This quasi-experimental study used 29 students for the experimental group and 29 students for the control group. The data were analyzed by using t-test formula. The computation of the
data shows that the t-observation (to) is 2.42, which is higher than the t-table (56,
0.05) : 1.960. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in
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MOTTO
“Bismillahirrohmanirrohim”
“Today must be better”
(The writer)
“Akan selalu ada harga yang terbayar untuk sebuah usaha yang dilakukan”
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vii DEDICATION
This thesis is whole-heartedly dedicated to those who support me
keep struggling to get better future:
My beloved parents,
„Bapak Maryanto, S.Pd. M.Si and Ibu Sri Mastuti, S.Pd.AUD
My beloved sisters,
Vivien Febri Astuti, S.I.Kom and Oktavia Tri Astuti
My boyfriend, Prasetyo Adi Nugroho
My best friends, “seven ikans” English Education SBI „09
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise be to Allah SWT who has given His blessing to the writer so that
she can complete writing this thesis. I would not be able to finish this thesis
without His blessing and also a helping hand of many others. Therefore, I would
like to express my very first gratitude and appreciation to Dr. Ngadiso, M.Pd and
Kristiandi, S.S. M.A, my first and second consultants, for all the guidance and
encouragement.
This thesis will never exist without the permission and approval from
Prof. Dr. H. M. Furqon Hidayatullah, M.Pd, the Dean of the Teacher Training and
Education Faculty, Dr. Muh. Rohmadi, S.S, M.Hum, the Head of the Art and
Language Education, and Endang Setyaningsih, S.Pd, M.Hum, the Head of
English Education Department of Teacher Training Faculty. My sincere gratitude
is also extended to all lectures in English Department UNS, for all the knowledge
and experiences shared.
My gratitude goes to Drs. Djoko Triasmono, M.Pd, the Headmaster of
SMP N 5 Surakarta, for the permission to conduct the research in SMP N 5
Surakarta, Agustin, S.Pd, M.Pd, the English teacher of SMP N 5 Surakarta, for
being the best supporter during the research, and of course the students of VIII A
and VIII B SMP N 5 Surakarta 2012/2013, for the participation.
My last special gratitude is for my family for their supports, caring,
prayer, and helps, my friends in English Education Department and Prasetyo Adi
for being my good companion.
Needless to say, this thesis is still far from being perfect. The writer will
accept gratefully every comment and suggestion. Hopefully, this thesis will give
benefit for everyone who concerns with the same research.
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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION, AND SUGGESTION ... 67
A. Conclusion ... 67
C. Suggestion ... 68
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 70
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xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Research Schedule ... 75
Appendix 2: List of Students’ Name ... 76
Appendix 3: Syllabus of Reading for VIII Grade of Junior High School .... 78
Appendix 4: Lesson Plan ... 79
Appendix 5: Blueprint of Reading Try-out Instruments for Pre-test ... 170
Appendix 6: Blueprint of Reading Try-out Instruments for Post-test ... 187
Appendix 7: Reading Pre-test Instruments ... 204
Appendix 8: Reading Post-test Instruments ... 215
Appendix 9: The Validity of Reading Test (Pre-test Items) ... 227
Appendix 10: The Reliability of Pre-test Valid Items ... 238
Appendix 11: The Validity of Reading Test (Post-test Items) ... 240
Appendix 12: The Reliability of Post-test Items ... 250
Appendix 13: The Score of Pre-test ... 252
Appendix 14: The Score of Post-test ... 253
Appendix 15: Frequency Distribution ... 254
Appendix 16: Normality Test of Pre-test of the Experimental Group ... 259
Appendix 17: Normality Test of Pre-test of the Control Group ... 262
Appendix 18: Normality Test of Post-test of the Experimental Group ... 265
Appendix 19: Normality Test of Post-test of the Control Group ... 268
Appendix 20: Homogeneity of Pre-test ... 271
Appendix 21: Homogeneity of Post-test ... 273
Appendix 22: T-test Computation of Pre-test ... 275
Appendix 23: T-test Computation of Pre-test of the Experimental Group and the Control Group ... 276
Appendix 25: T-test Computation of Post-test of the Experimental Group
and the Control Group ... 279
Appendix 26: Table of r Product Moment ... 281
Appendix 27: Table of the Standard Normal Distribution ... 282
Appendix 28: Table of Chi-Square Distribution ... 283
Appendix 29: Table of t Distribution ... 284
Appendix 30: Photographs ... 285
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xv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Graphic Representation of Top-down Technique of Reading ... 23
Figure 1.2: Graphic Representation of Bottom-up Technique of Reading ... 28
Figure 4.1: The Histogram of the Distribution of Pre-test Scores of the
Experimental Group ... 49
Figure 4.2: The Polygon of the Distribution of Pre-test Scores of the
Experimental Group ... 50
Figure 4.3: The Histogram of the Distribution of Pre-test Scores of the
Control Group ... 52
Figure 4.4: The Polygon of the Distribution of Pre-test Scores of the
Control Group ... 53
Figure 4.5: The Histogram of the Distribution of Post-test Scores of the
Experimental Group ... 55
Figure 4.6: The Polygon of the Distribution of Post-test Scores of the
Experimental Group ... 56
Figure 4.7: The Histogram of the Distribution of Post-test Scores of the
Control Group ... 58
Figure 4.8: The Polygon of the Distribution of Post-test Scores of the
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: The Frequency Distribution of the Experimental Group Pre-test . 49
Table 4.2: The Frequency Distribution of the Control Group Pre-test ... 52
Table 4.3: The Frequency Distribution of the Experimental Group Post-test . 55
Table 4.4: The Frequency Distribution of the Control Group Post-test ... 58
Table 4.5: The Result of Normality Test for Experimental Group and
Control Group ... 60
Table 4.6: The Result of Normality Test for Experimental Group and
